Eternity In The Elegy The Seafarer English Literature Essay

Eternity In The Elegy The Seafarer English Literature Essay The elegy usually contains a story, not too often a personal one that expresses the implied authors woeful state of mind. As a formal poetic convention it is used by poets to capture the mood of sadness and sorrow caused by a personal loss or a state of affairs that is outside the reach of the protagonists influence. This is a somewhat simplistic account which understates the subtleties of the development of the elegy but its briefness is intentional for the purpose of this essay we need to note that the elegy as a poetic form is governed by the idea of lamentation. The Anglo-Saxon poem The Seafarer thus falls conveniently in such a description of form. But it is remarkable how the poem initiates its story as a conventional elegy and it subsequently develops into a theological didacticism. The first-person narrative of the seaman lamenting his life at sea gives way to a religious admonition which gives the poem a feeling of incongruity and can lead one to believe that the second par t could have been added at later stages. Although, on close reading the links between the seamans insistence on lifes transience in the first part and his subsequent emphasis on eternity in the second can be made obvious and serve to compound the poem into a structural and thematic whole. The first half of The Seafarers story illustrates the protagonist as a lonely figure dwelling more among arctic creatures than among his fellow kinsmen. He emphasizes his loneliness with a juxtaposition between the realms of men and the ones of nature: At times the swans song I took to myself as pleasure, The Gannets noise and the voice of curlew instead of the laughter of men, The singing gull instead of the drinking of mead. (lines 19b 22) But nature itself is not a pure source of comfort as the above lines may suggest for she throws snow and hail and wind at his vessel and at such times no cheerful kinsman can comfort the poor soul (ll. 25b 26). It is an excursion through a hostile environment which is credited with being close to a peregrination, a journey of physical and spiritual endurance, as the protagonist confesses a path of exile. It should be noted that it is an intentional one. We read of him being physically on land but somewhat sea-restless, with his thoughts and heart still following the sea, desiring the moment when he would set off to meet the homelands of foreign people. The cuckoo warns with a sad voice (line 53) but still the seaman is eager to leave. The idea of the sea journey in the first half of the poem as peregrination, albeit a bit too subtle and only hinted at, is one of the links that provide continuity and coherence with the seemingly incongruent second part of the elegy. The seamans story develops structurally through an intense usage of oppositions. His narrative leaps back and forth from ship to land, sustaining the clash between the loneliness of the sea and the joys of the land. With the development of the poem, the opposition sea-land is given the overtone of a value judgment, bordering with a revelation acquired from the wisdom of seafaring. That one who has been distanced from the land is able to realize the temporariness of his or her life, and the futility of amassing treasures. The worldly preoccupations of the inhabitants on land are equated with futility, aimlessness, devoid of any governing idea whereas the life at sea is the antipode the source of the semi-spiritual revelation. The one on land has the joys of life, dwells in the city, Far from terrible journey, proud and wanton with wine. (lines 27a 29a) and he gives little credit to: how I, weary, often have had to endure in the sea-paths (lines 29b 30b) The juxtaposition between these two verbs is more than stylistical. For it serves to support the overall opposition between land/sea: the inhabitants of land are capable of actually living in an intoxicated conceit while the seafarer has to bear the troubles of his journey. In a metonymic succession, the seaman declares himself heedless to the worldly occupations: Not for him [the seaman] is the sound of the harp, nor the giving of rings nor pleasure in woman, nor worldly glory nor anything at all unless the tossing of the waves, but he always has longing, he who strives on the waves. (lines 44a 47b) In my reading, the striving for the waves is a metaphoric enunciation of the credo of the pilgrim. The sea is the half-spiritual journey that enlightens one into seeing the transience of life on earth. For everything, as the seafarer declares, always and invariably à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ will turn into uncertainty and man is, as much he surround him or herself with worldly goods, doomed to die. Earthly prosperity is transitory, life itself is only a short burst of existence and it is futile for one to account for his life with the accumulation of material goods. Up to this moment the elegy is a somewhat traditional one, in that it present the lamentation of a single character over a troublesome state of affairs, in the case of The Seafarer, a semi-spiritual state of affairs. But with a powerful enunciation of his disbelief of the worlds stability: I do not believe that the riches of the world will stand forever. (lines 66b 67b) the protagonist launches into a religious monologue in which he expounds his ideas of how one should live and act after knowing of his temporariness. At this textual moment, the poem perceptibly shifts from a heroic elegy to a didactic-theological one. The core that holds together the poem is the opposition in the first part land/sea now evolved into transient/eternal and the feeling of melancholy. Indeed hotter for me are the joys of the Lord Than this dead life fleeting on the ground (lines 64b 66a) What would then give joy and substance to ones life on earth so that it does merely fleet, or drag itself into death? The seaman passionately states that work, bravery, courage, which eventually inflame the power of his fame, might lead one to a communion with the glory of the angels, joy with the hosts. In a telling parallel, the glory of life in eternity will come when the glory of kingdoms once powerful will set. The second part of The Seafarer is clearly more symbolically construed and the image of the kingdoms, I suspect, stands for the demise in importance of worldly values. So do the implicit pagan references in the image of the burial lined with gold and a mass of treasure for all of those are no longer of value in the eternal. Thus the road to eternity is illustrated as lined not with gold but with a balance in ones life, control of his passions, and wisdom in his relationships all spiritual, metaphysical categories. The poem shows how the transience of life could be counte racted by following a series of semi-commandments (for all their rhetorical might they are still subjective, expressed through the viewpoint of the narrator-protagonist) that would lead into a blessed state of affairs in which ones life is belonging à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in the love of the Lord, joy in the heavens (lines 121a 122b). The insecurity of a life on earth, with all its materials transient and mortal, is transformed through a theological didacticism into a security in the eternal. The Seafarer is at first a sight an inconsistent poem with two delineated parts that are somewhat incongruous with each other. But the opposition sea/land which promotes the idea of a solitary, melancholic journey evolves into a metaphysical opposition between transitory/eternal and thus is one of the brinks that bind the poem together. The idea of a pilgrimage in the first part is consistent with the religious overtones of the second and thus unites both of them into a textual unity that serves to promote a vision and philosophy of a life in a world marked by transience. The relation between the lamentation and the obvious didacticism fits loosely within the convention of the elegy but poem is held together by the interplay of recurrent, yet evolving oppositions and by the sincere authority of the protagonist himself. Work cited: 1. The Seafarer

How does Hill present childish behaviour in I’m the King of the Castle? Essay

Hill presents childish behaviour through the use of dialogue, description and structure. She highlights that childish behaviour is a characteristic of adults, as well as the children. There are numerous examples of childish behaviour throughout the novel, for example when Hooper and Kingshaw fight over a toy, or when Hooper soils himself. One way in which Hill presents childish behaviour is after an incident where Hooper and Kingshaw are fighting over a toy fort: during that fracas Kingshaw chants â€Å"It’s mine, it’s mine!†, Hills use of dialogue is interesting here because the use of a tri colon not only emphasises the intensity of Kingshaw’s emotional reaction, (furthered by the fact he is fighting over a toy) but also echoes that chant like whines of small children. The importance of this line is signalled through the use of italics, which suggests that there is a degree of stress on Kingshaw whilst he speaks, again like a child. Another way that Hill explores childishness in the novel is through her description of Hooper soiling himself: Hill describes a â€Å"dark damp stain† of pee in the groin of Hooper’s jeans†. Hills use of the word â€Å"stain† portrays an image of dirt and even disease to the reader, the reader is hence disgusted. Furthermore the reader can perceive the word â€Å"pee† to relate towards a lack of control, like a child. What is interesting to note is that the word â€Å"pee† is highlighted before the more scientific word â€Å"groin†, this highlights Kingshaw’s childish nature. This quote fits in the context of this novel because it is based upon power struggles between two children; Hill exposes the fact that although Hooper is initially presented as a powerful figure, he is still a child. Finally Hill not only presents the children in I’m the King of the Castle as childish, but also presents the adults as childish. It can be argued that when Mrs Helena Kingshaw â€Å"felt a little ashamed of not wanting to take Charles with her†- she is behaving in a childish manner. Hill uses the words â€Å"not wanting† to portray Mrs Kingshaw as a selfish individual, oblivious of her sons’ needs; this is arguably a childish quality. Hill’s use of juxtaposition highlights the phrase â€Å"not wanting†, her selfish qualities prioritise over that of her own son: this is especially self, and comparable to little children. Mrs Kingshaw also displays a lack of empathy, as shown in the previous quote: young children also have a lack of empathy until they grow older, and hence this quality is a childish quality. In conclusion Hill presents childishness or immaturity in the novel through her use of dialogue, description and structure. Hill emphasises childish behaviour that is associated between Hooper and Kingshaw, but also points out the adults are equally susceptible to such behaviour. Perhaps she is criticising parenting styles to show the reader the negative impact it can have on children. Her use of parallel structure is also ironic as it suggests that such negative qualities are passed on through generations. However, the parallel structure can also be reparative and predictable at times.

The Guidance of a Government Essay - 1018 Words

People have their own perspective of a government that they envision for their people. Thomas Jefferson has been the president of the United States and ruled under a monarch. Jefferson couldn’t tolerate the abuse from a monarch, so he rebelled against the British crown. In 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote The Declaration of Independence, and declared the colonies were free from British rule. Before he became the author of The Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was established â€Å" as an ardent republican and revolutionary† (Jacobus 77). Jacobus states Jefferson is, â€Å"one of the most versatile Americans of any generation† (Jacobus 78). In The Declaration of Independence, Jefferson and the founding fathers envisioned a government that would†¦show more content†¦If the laws were broken by the people, then they would be able to have a fair trial where justice would be serviced. The government has the obligation to implicate fair laws and a justice syst em to their citizens. When a fair justice system is in place, it assures the people that the government will provide them with equity and due process in their legal system. When there is civil laws people might not be satisfied with their judgment, but there is a perception of fairness. On the contrary, King George III abolished a free system of English Laws by uniting the colonies to introduce an absolute rule (82). Jefferson had an opposed view that the citizens must have fair laws that keep them safe and secure. A government shouldn’t have absolute rule over the people because with absolute rule of the people, the people won’t be free. Furthermore, Jefferson claims, â€Å" A price, whose character is thus marked by every act which many define a Tyrant, is unfit to be ruler of a free people† (81). Under a democrat government the people can’t be ruled under a tyrant or unfit ruler. When there is an unfit ruler, the people fear the ruler and injustice sys tem, and the people can’t petition their government with fear of punishment and retribution. People need the government to guide and control them; for they can have freedom. The people need the government to direct and advised them, which will allow them to furish in a free society. Additionally,Show MoreRelatedCypop2-6.1 Plan Meals for Young Children That Meet Their Nutritional Needs Based on Current Government Guidance and Information from Carers.1670 Words   |  7 PagesCYPOP2-6.1 Plan meals for young children that meet their nutritional needs based on current government guidance and information from carers. Studies have documented that schedules and routines influence children’s emotional, cognitive, and social development. Predictable and consistent schedules in preschool classrooms help children feel secure and comfortable. Also, schedules and routines help children understand the expectations of the environment and reduce the frequency of behaviour problemsRead MoreState Governments Are Generally Immune From Antitrust Lawsuits807 Words   |  4 Pages State governments are generally immune from antitrust lawsuits. The United States Supreme Court in a landmark case, Parker v. Brown, decided that antitrust laws are not meant to stop state governments from regulating the industries and markets in their states. The Court held that as long as the antitrust conduct was the result of the State exercising its power as a sovereign, then the state would receive immunity from antitrust law. Thus, after Parker, the test for immunity centered on whetherRead MoreAntitrust Laws Of The Sherman Act And The Ftc Act1386 Words   |  6 Pagesreward plaintiffs, which win their claims, attorney fees. State Immunity from Antitrust Law When are States Immune? State governments and their subsidies, such as agencies or elected officials, are generally immune from antitrust lawsuits. The United States Supreme Court in a landmark case, Parker v. Brown, decided that antitrust laws are not meant to stop state governments from regulating the industries and markets in their states. The Court held that as long as the antitrust conduct was theRead MoreMonetary Policy: The Forward Guidance Rationale1556 Words   |  6 Pages The Forward Guidance Rationale Forward Guidance is an unconventional monetary policy used by the central bank to provide path for future interest rates to individuals and businesses. Recently, the Bank of England has adopted this policy. In this essay, we will explain the rationale behind the use of this policy with the help of IS-LM model along with AD-AS model. 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The Black Panther Party For Self Defense - 1719 Words

The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense recognized what they needed. They were youthful. They were dark. They couldn t be overlooked. Their ten-point stage was only the start of an exceptional period in the historical backdrop of this current country s social liberties development. By 1967 the Black Panthers had set up themselves as a power to be figured with. Theeir thoughts, their plan, their battle for equity for African Americans, put these candid youth on the guide of American legislative issues. (Haskins) Almost 40 years back, in 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale drove a transformation that was driven in light of the mistreatment of dark individuals. They tried to change that. Today, on account of their battle for social liberties, great dangers, and advancement of social needs, individuals around the globe can appreciate some of their adjustments, for example, free breakfast programs. The development and developments of the Black Panther Party were coordinated by the F.B.I , who tried to cut each gathering part down; and additionally their radical organizations together, for example, The Resistance, (which fueled the resurrection of the gathering amid tough times), and the courageous ladies who joined the gathering, for example, Afeni Shakur, defended their rights in a period in which Americas looked down on ladies as not as much as equivalents helped their cause. The first Black Panther Party had six individuals, and developed to thousands everywhereShow MoreRelatedThe Black Panther Party For Self Defense1199 Words   |  5 PagesIn October 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense and soon thereafter drafted the Ten Point Platform which drove the ambitions of the party. 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Once they created the group Newton and Seale organized a missionRead MoreEssay on The Black Panther Party for Self Defense 1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe Black Panther Party for Self Defense was the most significant activist group during the Civil Rights Movement Era. It was founded in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in October of 1966. The Black Panthers Party was founded to fight for and protect the rights of African Americans. Believing that the approach Martin Luther King Jr. was expressing would take too long, the approach Black Panther Party took was more along the lines of Malcolm X more aggressive theories ratherRead MoreThe Boycott Of The Montgomery Buses And The Court Case Brown Vs. Board Of Education1609 Words   |  7 Pagessim ilar protest were beginning in thirty one cities and seven southern states† (â€Å"The Greensboro Sit-in’s†). Black and white protestors at Woolworth’s in Jackson Mississippi were thrown out of the diners. Although the police arrested over a thousand people, the sit in’s often resulted in success. The 1960’s is where we see the rise of a new group called the Black Panther Party of Self-defense and the change in tactics during protests for African Americans in America. The non-violence led to increasedRead MoreThe Black Panthers1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Panthers [also known as] (The Black Panther Party for Self Defense) was a Black Nationalist organization in the United States that formed in the late 1960s and became nationally renowned. (Wikipedia:The Free Encyclopedia, 1997). The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by party members Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in the city of Oakland, California. The party was established to help further the movement for African American liberation, which was growing rapidly throughout the sixtiesRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr And The Civil Rights Movement1134 Words   |  5 Pages Panther Power When we think of the Civil Rights Movement, we often think of the most prominent leaders like Martin Luther King Jr, Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X who’ve surely paved the way for the beginning of the movement. However many times we overlook the ones who aren’t talked about in the classrooms during Black History Month, or when we’re discussing the Civil Rights Movement. In response, I dedicate my paper on an African-American Organization to those who promoted the freedom and rights of BlackRead More The Black Panther Party Essay813 Words   |  4 Pages The Black Panthers aren’t talked about much. The Panthers had made a huge difference in the civil rights movement. They were not just a Black KKK. They helped revolutionize the thought of African Americans in the U.S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Black Panther had a huge background of history, goals, and beliefs. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, Ca 1966, founded the Panthers. They were originally as an African American self defense force and were highly influenced by Malcolm X’s ideasRead More The Black Panthers Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by party members Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in the city of Oakland, California. The party was established to help further the movement for African American liberation, which was growing rapidly throughout the sixties because of the civil rights movement and the work of Malcolm X, and Dr. Martin Luther King. The Party disembodied itself from the non-violence stance of Dr. King and chose to organize around a platform for â€Å"self-defense†, (which laterRead More Black Panther Party Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves from control and oppression. It was because of this that 25 year old Huey Newton and 30 year old Bobby Seale founded The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in October 1966, in Oakland, California. The party was inspired by revolutionaries such as Mao Tse-tung and Malcolm X. Malcolm had represented a militant revolutionary, with the dignity and self-respect to stand up and fight to win equality for all oppressed minorities. Influenced by the teachings of Maos Red Book the organizationRead MoreThe Black Panthers For Self Defense1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Black Panthers, originally named as the Black Panthers for Self-Defense, was an African American revolutionary party that had originated in Oakland, California. It was an organization that was founded by Huey Percy Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966. Not only that, but it was also the largest revolutionary organization that had ever existed. Their purpose was to protect fellow African-American residents from mistreatment from the authorities. During the 1960s, racial injust had spreaded throughout

Description Of A Shopping Holiday - 1357 Words

A Shopping Holiday Are you hungry for some healthful eats? Craving some good wine? Maybe you re just hankering for a great deal. Then let s take a stroll down to the docks and pay a visit to old Trader Joe. If you re lucky enough to find parking –it seems most Trader Joes have rather limited parking lots– you’re on your way to an adventure in grocery shopping. As you pass through the magical sliding glass doors, you enter another world, a fascinating bustle of excitement, smiles and wholesome nutrition. This self-proclaimed â€Å"Unique Grocery Store† is certainly unlike any other vendor of goods you will find. Compared to your ordinary Ralph’s, Von’s or Costco, Trader Joe’s offers its customers, and its employees, a fully realized theme environment, not unlike what one might find at a store designed by the Walt Disney Company. As you enter the brightly-lit space guests are overwhelmed with a very welcoming, island atmosphere: flowers, Tiki carvings, hand-painted signage, and some stores even have aisles with thatched-roof awnings supported by heavy wooden poles to ensure you get the idea. This theming and design takes customers out of the real world and into an over-seas adventure. While walking around the store, selecting your rather common loaves of bread or chicken breasts, you get the drawing impression that you are on a very uncommon tropical vacation. In our fast-paced, modern environment here in Southern California, any respite from the madness is a welcomedShow MoreRelated Holiday Shopping Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesHoliday Shopping As I skim through the Chadwick’s mail-order catalog, I come across a woman, who looks as if she is in her mid-thirties, standing outside on the snow-covered ground. Her gloved hand is arched back in a ready-to-throw position with a snowball resting in her palm. The woman is wearing a  ¾ length gray wool coat and black leather gloves, which catches my eye. The serene, white-topped leaves of the pine trees lean in different directions, waiting for spring to arrive. â€Å"Winter isRead MoreThe Need For Multi Store For B2b Solutions1144 Words   |  5 PagesSeparating products that appeal to different customers, industries or economic groups Making browsing and shopping for products easier and more focused Highlighting manufacturer brands, high-end merchandise and more profitable items Allowing customers to save their account information and shipping preferences to use in all related stores without needing to update information or use separate shopping carts Fine-tuning customer segregation by tracking which stores customers visit Increasing Google SERPRead MoreAdvertising, Refund Problem And All Other Problem Of Online Shopping961 Words   |  4 Pagesthe online shopping. Online shopping means the service provider or seller and the customer contract each other without simultaneous, actual and physical presence. Online shopping has become increasing day by day especially in holidays. Online shopping save times, individual the hassle of searching several stores. If people find themselves having problems getting visitors to purchase and are not selling as much as they would like to, chances are they not addressing the online shopping pain pointsRead MoreThe Behaviors Of People Shopping Is Best Buy On Black Friday At The King Of Prussia Mall ( Kop1569 Words   |  7 PagesInformation For my ethnography assignment, I choose to study the behaviors of people shopping in Best Buy on Black Friday at the King of Prussia Mall (KOP). This file assignment is to participate and to observe the anthropological concepts usages in American rituals. Since I did not have the chance to meet with my family members, who live in Indiana, I choose to participate in the modern tradition of Thanksgiving- shopping. Moreover, one of my friends decided she want to experience the spirit and the heatRead MoreCareer as a Travel Agent700 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction 1.1 Definition Description 1.2 Aims 2. Discussion 2.1 History 2.2 Qualification/ Skills/ Requirements 2.3 Salary 2.4 Prospects 3. Conclusion 4. Recommendations Bibliography 1. Introduction 1.1 definition and description A Travel consultant is a person that arranges travel packages on behave of other people witch can include, flights, insurance, accommodation, tours and transfers. 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The typical user r elates to the brand identity and is often a family member, friend, or boyfriend/girlfriend looking for a unique gift for a specific person (friend, sister, mother/grandmother, girlfriend, bridesmaids) for a specific need (holiday, birthday, wedding). The user or the recipient would likely be technology savvy, interested in sustainability, or interested in supporting local businesses. Scope The scope of a website encompasses all of the features and functions that are includedRead MoreOnline Shopping and High Street Shopping1465 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, an increase in the technological revolution has happened in the world; however, the internet is the important significant revolution that has ever known so far and used by a lot of people .Shopping via the internet has become one of the most successful uses that can connect the various and companies and consumers alike. 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Online stores can be easily accessed by any device which can connect to the internet. With online shopping, it is entirely possible to shop in the wee hours of the morning, while still on bed as online stores almost never close. An individual only has to log onto a particular website, add the items they want to purchase into their shopping

Care Plan Free Essays

Palliative care would allow the client to receive a combined and holistic approach for medications, equipment, unseeing, and symptom treatment all fascinated through one program. The community health nurse needs to be careful not to impose ones own perception about quality of life upon the client. With the experience of having helped both of my parents through the dying process, I know that it is important to separate my own experience and perceptions from those of my client. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just as each person takes on life with a different philosophy, so it goes with the dying process. The nurse must not assume that the patient’s priorities are the same as his or hers. Open communication regarding the patient’s wants and needs must be initiated. Though not all patients have had the time or skills to know how to deal with a terminal illness, one of the most important Jobs of the nurse is to connect the patient to the proper resources needed for navigating through the various aspects and stages of their disease process, and to do so without Judgment or bias. B. Many terminally ill patients begin to navigate through the stages of grief as outlined by Elisabeth Kibble-Ross. While caring for this client with a lingering terminal illness such as cancer, my first strategy would be to keep the lines of communication open, managing the patient’s emotional and spiritual needs and outlining the stages of grief as the client progresses through them. By initiating a good line of communication, one can recognize and guide both Mr.. And Mrs.. Thomas through denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance (Kibble-Ross). It will be easier to better manage Mrs.. Thomas’ physical needs if her psychological social needs have been addressed. My second strategy in helping to improve the quality of life for Mrs.. Thomas and her husband would be to manage Mrs.; Thomas’ comfort. Working carefully with a palliative or hospice team to manage the physical discomforts of the tangent’s illness, can greatly increase quality of life. This is often a critical area of educating the patient on pain control. Patients are often afraid to take pain medications, and therapeutic communication is likely to be necessary. Monsoon). My third strategy would be to set up an interdisciplinary palliative care team to to manage the health of Mrs.. Thomas. Terminal illness can be overwhelming for a family, where likely there are other factors – be it financial, familial, psychological, and no one person can manage it all. By working with the family to institute a good team or care, the burden can be lifted off the family and this will ideally allow them to care for their loved one without becoming burdened or overwhelmed. It is important to consult the family regarding any spiritual support that they would feel comforting. Is there a minister or spiritual guide currently in their life? If not, would they be open too visit from someone that is akin to their spiritual values? These are questions that should be carefully addressed. C. Nursing Care Plan for Mrs.. Thomas Assessment: Mrs.. Thomas is a 56 year-old female with a history of breast cancer. Mrs.. Thomas is aired with two grown sons, aged 28 and 30 both of which live out of state. Mrs.. Thomas has a strong familial history of braes cancer and one year ago, was treated for a malignant mass in her right breast. After a right mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation six months ago, the cancer has now returned with subsequent right sided mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation. The cancer has now metastasis’s to the lungs and the prognosis is now deemed to be â€Å"poor† with â€Å"palliative care now being recommended†. (Task 2). Diagnosis Number One: Acute Pain related to incision secondary to surgical intervention as evidenced by tangent’s visible discomfort/crying in bed, pallor, respirations, blood pressure and a report of 8/10 pain. Goal 1. Patient will verbalize a pain rating of 4 or less on a scale of 10 with each assessment. 2. Pain control as evidenced by patient demonstrating ability to use analgesics appropriately, use alternative non-analgesic relief, reported pain to be mild, relaxed body language, vital signs returning to normal Plan 1. Analgesic pain medication as prescribed by physician (Swearing) 2. Use of diversionary and or strategies to assist with pain (SHE Nursing Care Plan Guide) 3. Assist patient with positioning for comfort Implement . Evaluated effect of medication, utilize pain scale 2. Assessed effectiveness of diversionary strategies (SHE Nursing Care Plan Guide) 3. Assisted with position changes Diagnosis Number Two: Activity Intolerance related to generalized weakness as evidenced by increasing fatigue Goal 1. The nurse will help fascinate a physical therapist to help with mobility 2.. Will ambulate IX around block daily Patient 3.. Patient will fully participate in Tall’s within physical limitations without dizziness or change in vital signs by 8/1/14 1 . Assess patient’s level of mobility, educate within patient’s capability 2. Assess nutritional status. Adequate energy reserves are required for activity. (Swearing) 3. Ambulate patient XX a day 1. Educated patient on benefits of mobility and the proper body mechanics for mobility 2. Encourage nutrition prior to activity and the proper body mechanics for mobility Monsoon) 3. Ambulated patient XX daily Diagnosis Number 3: Ineffective Coping related to financial burden and emotional impact of diagnosis on family as evidenced by patient’s increasing isolation 1. Set up a quality interdisciplinary team incorporating counseling services for the family 2. Patient will demonstrate problem solving techniques Monsoon) 3. Patient ill verbalize acceptance of diagnosis 1. Patient will utilize available support systems and work with counselor for socio psych issues 2. Assist client to identify priorities and attainable goals as he/she starts to plan for necessary lifestyle and role changes 3. Perform actions to facilitate the grieving process (Elsevier) 1. Patient met with counseling services 2. Patient identified priorities and set goals 3. Patient demonstrated knowledge of the 5 stages of grief and how to work through them In order to optimize Mrs.. Thomas functional ability, the care team should strive for all three of the goals in her plan of care to be met. First of all, her pain needs to be managed so that manipulation can be successful, without discomfort. It is quite common for patients to be concerned about becoming addicted to pain medication as in the case of Mrs.. Thomas. Addiction is â€Å"psychological dependence† on a drug and is not the same as tolerance or physical dependence, according to Oncologist, DRP. Gary Johansson who states that â€Å"In fact, addiction is rare when avoids are used for pain relief†. With proper education and regularly scheduled pain medication, Mrs.. Thomas should be much more comfortable and able to manage other areas of her life more successfully. Once Mrs.. Thomas’ pain is under control, she will be able to work through many of the stresses that have mounted since her diagnosis. As Mrs.. Thomas disease progresses, there will come a time when she will no longer be able to care for herself. A new Plan of Care should be created and ready to transition to at that time. At this time the interdisciplinary team should consist of a hospice care which is generally implemented when a patient has less than 6 months to live. When hospice is begun, all care is transferred to the hospice team. New orders for care, medication, equipment will be set up and time is given to the family or supporting both the patient and their loved ones. Care will focus on making the most out of the time they have left, â€Å"without some of the negative side-effects that life prolonging treatments can have†. Monsoon). Most hospice patients can attain a level of comfort that allows them to â€Å"concentrate on the emotional and practical issues of dying†. Willet-Legislations). Mr.. Thomas is carrying a big physical and emotional burden during his wife’s terminal illness. The Thomas family’s case is complicated by Mr.. Thomas’ chronic depression and high stress occupation. As Mrs.. Thomas’ needs escalate and change, so do the needs of the Mr.. Thomas. By facilitating psychological help for Mr.. Thomas, the care team is in turn helping Mrs.. Thomas by easing her worries about her spouse. Patients and families need support, guidance, and encouragement to begin planning for many decisions. Many spouses are weighted with concern about the patients’ comfort and impending death as well as every day problems. â€Å"This is an emotionally intense, exhausting, and singular experience, set in a world apart from everyday life patterns†. (Siegel). Mr.. Thomas needs to be reminded that in order to help care and be emotionally supportive to his wife, he needs to take care of himself. Medication reminders and grief support should be set up for Mr.. Thomas. Therapeutic conversation and guidance can make all the difference for the significant other off terminal patient. In addition, Mr.. Thomas needs respite care so that he can be fully present while caring for his wife. Mr.. Thomas should be encouraged to take a walk, a nap, or a restorative A care plan for Mr.. Thomas could be initiated with a nursing diagnosis of: Risk for Caregiver Role Strain. (SHE). Goal: Spouse will report low or no feelings of burden or distress by 8/01/14, measured by relief stated by spouse. Plan: Encourage the caregiver to talk about feelings, concerns, uncertainties, and fears. How to cite Care Plan, Papers Care Plan Free Essays Nursing Diagnosis| Expected outcomes| Interventions| Rationale| Evaluation| Nursing Diagnosis:Sleep deprivationR/t: Age related sleeping problems and dementia. A. E. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now B: Verbal report of not sleeping well. Also maybe be caused by dementia. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk of hopelessnessR/t: Client’s loss of family members in the past. A. E. B: Lack of eye contact, passive attitude, and deteriorating physical and mental condition. | Client will take part in relaxation techniques such as massage therapy and aroma therapy at least one time a week. Caffeine intake will be decreased. Client will not have any caffeine after 2 pm. Client will avoid the uses of loud T. V. ’s and radios every night. Client will use a sound generator to generate sounds of the ocean and waterfalls to improve sleep every night. Client will use the bed only for sleeping, avoid afternoon naps, and try to go to bed only when sleeping every day. Client will spend time with a caregiver or family member one-on-one at least one time a week. A family member of the client will be expected to visit at least one time a week and spend time with the client. Client will make at least 2 simple decisions every day. Client will engage in group activities at least one time a week. Assess level of anxiety. If client is anxious, use relaxation techniques. Assess and evaluate the client’s diet and caffeine intake. Keep environment quiet for sleeping. Use soothing sound generators. Follow guide lines for good sleep habits. Spend one-on-one time with the client. Involve family and significant others in Clients life. Encourage decision makin g in the daily schedule. Encourage client to participate in group activities. | The use of relaxation techniques to promote sleep in people with chronic insomnia has been shown to be effective. Caffeine often interferes with sleep. Caffeine after the use of 2 pm is associated with poor sleep. Attention to environmental noise can reduce or eliminate sleep. Ocean sounds promote sleep. Guidelines on sleep hygiene have been shown to effectively improve quality of sleep. Physical presence and active listening inspires hope in the client. Social support is a significant variable related to hope. Hopelessness may be an outgrowth of a previewed loss of control. Group activities provide social support and help the client identify alternative ways to solve problems. ** Source for rationale: Nursing Diagnosis Handbook. Betty J. Ackley and Gail B. Ladwig. **| Client responded well to the relaxation treatments used to improve sleep deprivation. Client is well after decreasing unneeded caffeine in diet and is expected to sleep better. Client’s sleep improved once excessive noise has been diminished. Client responded well to the sound generator. Client is finding it hard to follow the guidelines. Client responds well to one-on-one time and appears happy during the session. Client enjoys having family around more often. Client makes decisions on what to where and what to eat each day. Client enjoys spending time with other residents. | | | | | How to cite Care Plan, Essay examples Care Plan Free Essays Transition Nursing Process Discussion Group 3 Case Study Michael Martinez Is a 24-year-old Marine who was Involved In a motor vehicle accident (MBA) while on leave. His face hit the dashboard, resulting in a fracture of the mandible. Yesterday, he underwent a surgical incommensurable fixation, (wiring of the Jaw) for stabilization of the fracture. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result of this surgery, he is unable to open his mouth and is limited to a liquid diet. The restricted diet will be necessary for 4 to 5 weeks until the fracture heals. One day post pop, his vital signs are 120/76, T-99. 2, P-82, and R- 20. After medication, is pain level is 3/10. With the exception of facial bruising, his appearance is within normal Limits, Steps of the Nursing Process Patient Information Assessment Objective and subjective data will be entered here. The database presented In the case study will be used. Data is collected and verified from the primary (apt. ) and the secondary (family, friends, health professionals, and medical record). Analysis of this data provides the basis for development of the remaining steps in the nursing process. Subjective: Patient expresses disinterest in a liquid only diet Objective: wired Jaw Liquid diet Nursing Diagnosis After analyzing the assessment data, formulate a priority nursing diagnosis. Remember, a nursing diagnosis is a statement describing the patient’s actual or potential response to a health problem that the nurse Is licensed and competent to treat. An actual diagnosis Is written In three parts: diagnostic label (problem) related to_ as evidenced/exhibited by_. A risk diagnosis is written in two parts: Risk for (diagnostic label) _ related to Nutrition: less than body requirements related to Inability to eat solid foods as evidenced by liquid diet post-surgery Planning Goals: Now is the time set patient centered goals. Here you will develop expected selection of interventions based on six important factors outlined in your text. Please write the interventions you select below in implementation. Patient will be free of signs of malnutrition post dinner time each shift Implementation Here is where the nurse will carry out the plan of care. Then continue data collection and modify the plan of care as needed and document care provided. What nursing interventions will you provide to enhance patient outcomes? Assess patient’s weight every shift Calculate bowel sounds Evaluate total daily food intake Provide high calorie, nutrient-rich dietary supplements Evaluation The purpose of evaluation is to support the effectiveness of nursing practice which is patient-centered and patient-driven. This phase measures the patient’s response to nursing interventions and progress towards achieving goals using five elements listed in the text. Did you achieve the goal for this nursing diagnosis? Will you continue the plan of care, revise the plan of care, or discontinue? Reassess patient’s lab value daily for signs of malnutrition. If malnourished call health care provider for further orders Patient will weight within 10% of normal body weight every morning How to cite Care Plan, Papers Care Plan Free Essays A. Our client, Mrs.. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thomas has been given the unfortunate diagnosis of metastasis breast cancer. When considering the current and future needs of this client, significant thought and planning must be directed toward the client’s level of well being. In the case off terminally ill patient, it is important to help facilitate a high quality of life that encompasses both physical and psychological health. I would recommend initiating palliative care for Mrs.. Thomas. Palliative care would allow the client to receive a combined and holistic approach for medications, equipment, unseeing, and symptom treatment all fascinated through one program. The community health nurse needs to be careful not to impose ones own perception about quality of life upon the client. With the experience of having helped both of my parents through the dying process, I know that it is important to separate my own experience and perceptions from those of my client. Just as each person takes on life with a different philosophy, so it goes with the dying process. The nurse must not assume that the patient’s priorities are the same as his or hers. Open communication regarding the patient’s wants and needs must be initiated. Though not all patients have had the time or skills to know how to deal with a terminal illness, one of the most important Jobs of the nurse is to connect the patient to the proper resources needed for navigating through the various aspects and stages of their disease process, and to do so without Judgment or bias. B. Many terminally ill patients begin to navigate through the stages of grief as outlined by Elisabeth Kibble-Ross. While caring for this client with a lingering terminal illness such as cancer, my first strategy would be to keep the lines of communication open, managing the patient’s emotional and spiritual needs and outlining the stages of grief as the client progresses through them. By initiating a good line of communication, one can recognize and guide both Mr.. And Mrs.. Thomas through denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance (Kibble-Ross). It will be easier to better manage Mrs.. Thomas’ physical needs if her psychological social needs have been addressed. My second strategy in helping to improve the quality of life for Mrs.. Thomas and her husband would be to manage Mrs.; Thomas’ comfort. Working carefully with a palliative or hospice team to manage the physical discomforts of the tangent’s illness, can greatly increase quality of life. This is often a critical area of educating the patient on pain control. Patients are often afraid to take pain medications, and therapeutic communication is likely to be necessary. Monsoon). My third strategy would be to set up an interdisciplinary palliative care team to to manage the health of Mrs.. Thomas. Terminal illness can be overwhelming for a family, where likely there are other factors – be it financial, familial, psychological, and no one person can manage it all. By working with the family to institute a good team or care, the burden can be lifted off the family and this will ideally allow them to care for their loved one without becoming burdened or overwhelmed. It is important to consult the family regarding any spiritual support that they would feel comforting. Is there a minister or spiritual guide currently in their life? If not, would they be open too visit from someone that is akin to their spiritual values? These are questions that should be carefully addressed. C. Nursing Care Plan for Mrs.. Thomas Assessment: Mrs.. Thomas is a 56 year-old female with a history of breast cancer. Mrs.. Thomas is aired with two grown sons, aged 28 and 30 both of which live out of state. Mrs.. Thomas has a strong familial history of braes cancer and one year ago, was treated for a malignant mass in her right breast. After a right mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation six months ago, the cancer has now returned with subsequent right sided mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation. The cancer has now metastasis’s to the lungs and the prognosis is now deemed to be â€Å"poor† with â€Å"palliative care now being recommended†. (Task 2). Diagnosis Number One: Acute Pain related to incision secondary to surgical intervention as evidenced by tangent’s visible discomfort/crying in bed, pallor, respirations, blood pressure and a report of 8/10 pain. Goal 1. Patient will verbalize a pain rating of 4 or less on a scale of 10 with each assessment. 2. Pain control as evidenced by patient demonstrating ability to use analgesics appropriately, use alternative non-analgesic relief, reported pain to be mild, relaxed body language, vital signs returning to normal Plan 1. Analgesic pain medication as prescribed by physician (Swearing) 2. Use of diversionary and or strategies to assist with pain (SHE Nursing Care Plan Guide) 3. Assist patient with positioning for comfort Implement . Evaluated effect of medication, utilize pain scale 2. Assessed effectiveness of diversionary strategies (SHE Nursing Care Plan Guide) 3. Assisted with position changes Diagnosis Number Two: Activity Intolerance related to generalized weakness as evidenced by increasing fatigue Goal 1. The nurse will help fascinate a physical therapist to help with mobility 2.. Will ambulate IX around block daily Patient 3.. Patient will fully participate in Tall’s within physical limitations without dizziness or change in vital signs by 8/1/14 1 . Assess patient’s level of mobility, educate within patient’s capability 2. Assess nutritional status. Adequate energy reserves are required for activity. (Swearing) 3. Ambulate patient XX a day 1. Educated patient on benefits of mobility and the proper body mechanics for mobility 2. Encourage nutrition prior to activity and the proper body mechanics for mobility Monsoon) 3. Ambulated patient XX daily Diagnosis Number 3: Ineffective Coping related to financial burden and emotional impact of diagnosis on family as evidenced by patient’s increasing isolation 1. Set up a quality interdisciplinary team incorporating counseling services for the family 2. Patient will demonstrate problem solving techniques Monsoon) 3. Patient ill verbalize acceptance of diagnosis 1. Patient will utilize available support systems and work with counselor for socio psych issues 2. Assist client to identify priorities and attainable goals as he/she starts to plan for necessary lifestyle and role changes 3. Perform actions to facilitate the grieving process (Elsevier) 1. Patient met with counseling services 2. Patient identified priorities and set goals 3. Patient demonstrated knowledge of the 5 stages of grief and how to work through them In order to optimize Mrs.. Thomas functional ability, the care team should strive for all three of the goals in her plan of care to be met. First of all, her pain needs to be managed so that manipulation can be successful, without discomfort. It is quite common for patients to be concerned about becoming addicted to pain medication as in the case of Mrs.. Thomas. Addiction is â€Å"psychological dependence† on a drug and is not the same as tolerance or physical dependence, according to Oncologist, Dry. Gary Johansson who states that â€Å"In fact, addiction is rare when avoids are used for pain relief†. With proper education and regularly scheduled pain medication, Mrs.. Thomas should be much more comfortable and able to manage other areas of her life more successfully. Once Mrs.. Thomas’ pain is under control, she will be able to work through many of the stresses that have mounted since her diagnosis. As Mrs.. Thomas disease progresses, there will come a time when she will no longer be able to care for herself. A new Plan of Care should be created and ready to transition to at that time. At this time the interdisciplinary team should consist of a hospice care which is generally implemented when a patient has less than 6 months to live. When hospice is begun, all care is transferred to the hospice team. New orders for care, medication, equipment will be set up and time is given to the family or supporting both the patient and their loved ones. Care will focus on making the most out of the time they have left, â€Å"without some of the negative side-effects that life prolonging treatments can have†. Monsoon). Most hospice patients can attain a level of comfort that allows them to â€Å"concentrate on the emotional and practical issues of dying†. Willet-Legislations). Mr.. Thomas is carrying a big physical and emotional burden during his wife’s terminal illness. The Thomas family’s case is complicated by Mr.. Thomas’ chronic depression and high stress occupation. As Mrs.. Thomas’ needs escalate and change, so do the needs of the Mr.. Thomas. By facilitating psychological help for Mr.. Thomas, the care team is in turn helping Mrs.. Thomas by easing her worries about her spouse. Patients and families need support, guidance, and encouragement to begin planning for many decisions. Many spouses are weighted with concern about the patients’ comfort and impending death as well as every day problems. â€Å"This is an emotionally intense, exhausting, and singular experience, set in a world apart from everyday life patterns†. (Siegel). Mr.. Thomas needs to be reminded that in order to help care and be emotionally supportive to his wife, he needs to take care of himself. Medication reminders and grief support should be set up for Mr.. Thomas. Therapeutic conversation and guidance can make all the difference for the significant other off terminal patient. In addition, Mr.. Thomas needs respite care so that he can be fully present while caring for his wife. Mr.. Thomas should be encouraged to take a walk, a nap, or a restorative A care plan for Mr.. Thomas could be initiated with a nursing diagnosis of: Risk for Caregiver Role Strain. (SHE). Goal: Spouse will report low or no feelings of burden or distress by 8/01/14, measured by relief stated by spouse. Plan: Encourage the caregiver to talk about feelings, concerns, uncertainties, and fears. Acknowledge the frustration associated with caregiver responsibilities. Initiate counseling. 2. Help the caregiver problem solve to meet his needs. 3. Set up medication reminders for psychological medications. Implement: 1. Patient openly discusses concerns, uncertainties and fears (SHE). Patient acknowledges frustrations associated with his caregiver responsibilities. Patient attends counseling. 2. Patient participates in problem solving to meet his needs. 3. Patient follows medication reminders and takes medications for his depression. How to cite Care Plan, Papers

Business Level Strategy Job Performance

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Level Strategyfor Job Performance. Answer: Introduction Job performance assesses whether an employee is performing well in a particular workplace or not. According to Hayati and Caniago (2012), job performance is an important part of industrial and organizational psychology. As stated by L?z?roiu (2015), main characteristic of job performance is that it has to be goal pertinent. Performance must be directed toward organizational goals that are appropriate to the job or role. Goal or objective of any business organization is to gain profitability. Profitability of any organization entirely depends on job performance of employees. That is why; it is important to carry out researches in order to find out how job performance can be enhanced. Motivation Motivation or employee motivation, as mentioned by Bell (2013), is the level of energy, obligation and ingenuity that an organizations employees bring to their jobs. It does not matter whether an economy is growing and lessening, shaping ways to motivate employees is always a concern of the management. As mentioned by L?z?roiu (2015), there is an old proverb you can take a horse to the water; however, he will only drink if he is thirsty. Same thing is applied to the employees. Employees will do what they want to do or they are motivated to do. According to studies, employees are motivated through two aspects of motivation which are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation improves internal desires of an employee to perform a particular task. This type of motivation comes from internal rewarding. If an organization is providing safety needs, social needs and esteem needs of an employee, then he will be motivated internally (Bell 2013). On the other hand, extrinsic moti vation comes from mostly financial rewarding such as incentives, bonus and payments related to overtime working. Parent Theory (Expectancy Theory) Expectancy theory states that employees will decide how to behave depending on the outcomes they wait for as a result of their performance. In other words, employees will work longer and harder if they are provided a pay rise. Therefore, according to Hsu et al. (2014), it can be said that employees will harder and will provide superior job performance if they are promised a pay rise. This expectancy theory depends on three major elements which are expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Expectancy: It is known as the belief of employees that their effort will result in their desired goal. However, it also depends on their past knowledge, self assurance and how difficult they think the goal is to attain (Renko et al. 2012). Instrumentality: It is known as the belief that the employees will receive a reward if they meet performance expectations. In only this situation they will improve their job performance. If employees are not sure that they will rewards, they will not feel motivated and will not perform accordingly. Valence: It is the value the employee place on the reward. Providing rewards that do not interest employees will not motivate them. Therefore, it is important to select proper rewards in order to motivate employees. Therefore, it can be said that expectancy theory states employees are highly motivated if they believe that they will gain desired rewards and outcomes if they hit an achievable target (Renko et al. 2012). As a result, they work hard and put their best in the workplace that delivers superior ob performance (Hsu et al. 2014). On the other hand, if they are not motivated by the rewards, then they will not feel motivated and will not perform accordingly. Relationship Between Motivation and Job Performance Contradictory research findings for the possible influence of Concept 1 on Concept 2 Support from the literature for the possible influence of Concept 1 on Concept 2 A research work done by (Aly and El-Shanawany 2016) clearly shows that nurses satisfaction with performance appraisal method in the study had a powerful positive influence on their motivation and work performance and productivity. Mostly, intrinsic rewards played a major role to improve job performance of the nurses. This research outcome can be supported by the literature and theory mentioned by Shields et al. (2015) who stated that intrinsic rewards are capable to facilitate motivation among the employees. If employees are motivated they will work harder which will improve job performance of the employees. Research work conducted by (Ogunleye and Osekita 2016) concluded that there is a noteworthy effect of employees job position and accomplishment motivation on their job performance. The research was done on Ekiti State Local Administration employees. From the research work it was found that several aspects were responsible for increasing amount of motivation among the employees. However, each of those factors is helping the employees to enhance their job performance. According to Bell (2013), the achievement motivation theory introduced by John Atkinson and David McClelland dictates that employees can be motivated by achievement in work. Achievement motivation is often contrasted with failure prevention. If employees are ensured that they will not face failure, then they will find enjoyment in performing challenging tasks. These employees will also work hard to improve their skills which not only enhance their job performance but also improve organizational productivity. Proposition After going through the expectancy theory and some research findings, it can be concluded that employee motivation can positively influence job performance. However, it is important to select appropriate reward systems to motivate employees. Conclusion In the end, it can be concluded that employee motivation is a major factor that can improve job performance of the employees. However, the best way to motivate the employees is still not clear. Some organizations mostly depend on intrinsic reward systems and some organizations depend on extrinsic reward systems. Some larger business organizations such as Apple and Google have implemented both intrinsic and extrinsic systems to motivate their employees. However, for comparatively smaller companies it is not easy to implement both the systems. Therefore, it is important to carry out a research and collect feedback of employees before implementing such systems. However, it is proved that motivation in workplace can provide job satisfaction that in turn increases job performance of the employees. References Aly, N.A.E.F.M. and El-Shanawany, S.M., 2016. The Influence Of Performance Appraisal Satisfaction On Nurses' Motivation And Their Work Outcomes In Critical Care And Toxicology Units.European Scientific Journal,12(20). Bell, N., 2013. Experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance.Public Administration Review,73(1), pp.143-153. Hayati, K. and Caniago, I., 2012. Islamic work ethic: The role of intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,65, pp.1102-1106. Hsu, D.K., Shinnar, R.S. and Powell, B.C., 2014. Expectancy Theory and Entrepreneurial Motivation: A Longitudinal Examination of the Role of Entrepreneurship Education.Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship,26(1), p.121. L?z?roiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), pp.97-102. Ogunleye, A.J. and Osekita, D.A., 2016. Effect of Job Status, Gender, and Employees' Achievement Motivation Behavior on Work Performance: a Case Study of Selected Local Government Employees in Ekiti State, Nigeria.European Scientific Journal,12(26). Renko, M., Kroeck, K.G. and Bullough, A., 2012. Expectancy theory and nascent entrepreneurship.Small Business Economics,39(3), pp.667-684. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., Robinson, J., O'Leary, P. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press.